Device and method for tracking the position of an endoscope within a patient&#39;s body

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods of tracking the position of an endoscope within a patient&#39;s body during an endoscopic procedure is disclosed. The devices and methods include determining a position of the endoscope within the patient in the endoscope&#39;s coordinate system, capturing in an image fiducial markers attached to the endoscope by an external optical tracker, transforming the captured fiducial markers from the endoscope&#39;s coordinate system to the optical tracker&#39;s coordinate system, projecting a virtual image of the endoscope on a model of the patient&#39;s organ, and projecting or displaying the combined image.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present specification relies on, for priority, U.S. Patent Provisional Application No. 62/247,232, entitled “Device and Method for Tracking the Position of An Endoscope Within A Patient's Body”, and filed on Oct. 28, 2015.

The present specification relates to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/505,387, entitled “Endoscope With Integrated Sensors”, and filed on Oct. 2, 2014 and to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/697,933, entitled “System And Method Of Scanning A Body Cavity Using a Multiple Viewing Elements Endoscope”, and filed on Apr. 28, 2015.

The above-mentioned applications are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

FIELD

The present specification relates generally to endoscopes, and more specifically, to a device and method for displaying an image of a position of an endoscope within a patient's body, superimposed on the patient's body or overlaid on an image of the patient's body.

BACKGROUND

An endoscope is a medical instrument used for examining and treating internal body cavities such as the alimentary canals, airways, the gastrointestinal system, and other organ systems. Conventional endoscopes are usually an elongated tubular shaft, rigid or flexible, having a video camera and a fiber optic light guide for directing light from an external light source situated at a proximal end of the tube to a distal tip. Also, most endoscopes are provided with one or more channels, through which medical devices, such as forceps, probes, and other tools, may be passed. Further, during an endoscopic procedure, fluids, such as water, saline, drugs, contrast material, dyes, or emulsifiers are often introduced or evacuated via the shaft. A plurality of channels, one each for introduction and suctioning of liquids, may be provided within the shaft.

Endoscopes have attained great acceptance within the medical community, since they provide a means for performing procedures with minimal patient trauma, while enabling the physician to view the internal anatomy of the patient. Over the years, numerous endoscopes have been developed and categorized according to specific applications, such as cystoscopy, colonoscopy, laparoscopy, upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy among others. Endoscopes may be inserted into the body's natural orifices or through an incision in the skin.

Some endoscopes have viewing elements for viewing an internal organ, such as the colon, and an illuminator for illuminating the field of view of the viewing elements. The viewing elements and illuminators are located in a tip of the endoscope and are used to capture images of the internal walls of the body cavity being endoscopically scanned. The captured images are sent to a control unit coupled with the endoscope via one of the channels present in the scope shaft, for being displayed on a screen coupled with the control unit.

During an endoscopic procedure an operating physician guides the endoscope within a patient's body by using the captured images displayed on the screen coupled with the control unit as a guide. However, the physician does not know the exact position of the endoscope within the body with respect to the internal organs of the patient. The physician maneuvers the endoscope largely based on his/her knowledge of the patient's anatomy, experience and the displayed images of internal organs.

Conventional endoscope guiding systems allow an operating physician to view the scope's position within a patient's body, by displaying a representation of the endoscope within the body during an endoscopic procedure. However, such representations depict the scope's position with respect to the endoscope's coordinate system and not with respect to the patient's coordinates. Thus the operator is not provided with an accurate sense of the scope's position relative to the patient's body. This may cause the operator to maneuver the scope in such a manner that causes discomfort or even pain to the patient.

Hence, there is need for a device and method that displays an accurate position of an endoscope within a patient's body by combining the scope's coordinates with the patient's coordinate. There is need for a method of combining patient and endoscope information to provide an augmented reality environment clearly highlighting the endoscope's position with respect to a patient's internal organs.

SUMMARY

The following embodiments and aspects thereof are described and illustrated in conjunction with systems, tools and methods, which are meant to be exemplary and illustrative, not limiting in scope.

The present specification discloses an endoscope system having an endoscope handle and an endoscope body adapted to be inserted into a gastrointestinal tract of a patient, the system comprising: a plurality of orientation markers positioned on said endoscope handle, wherein said orientation markers are distributed around a circumference of said endoscope handle; a plurality of sensors positioned at different locations longitudinally along an external surface of the endoscope body, wherein each of said plurality of sensors is adapted to generate first orientation data; one or more cameras positioned external to said patient and adapted to detect one or more of said plurality of orientation markers and generate second orientation data; and a controller adapted to receive said first orientation data and second orientation data and generate data indicative of a position of said endoscope body within said gastrointestinal tract of the patient.

Optionally, the data indicative of a position of said endoscope body includes positions of all of the endoscope body that has entered into the gastrointestinal tract of the patient.

Optionally, the sensors are distributed longitudinally along a length of the endoscope body and are separated by a predefined distance of at least 0.1 mm.

Optionally, the controller is adapted to generate an image of said endoscope body based upon data indicative of a position of said endoscope body.

Optionally, the controller is further adapted to orient said image by performing a translation of an orientation of the endoscope to a coordinate system defining a position of said patient and applying said translation to the said image.

Optionally, the controller is further adapted to overlay said oriented image onto an image of a portion of said patient's gastrointestinal tract to generate an oriented, overlaid image of said endoscope body.

Optionally, the first orientation data is indicative of a position of the endoscope body relative to an endoscope coordinate system.

Optionally, the second orientation data is indicative of a position of the endoscope handle relative to a patient coordinate system.

Optionally, the endoscope system further comprises a projector adapted to receive the oriented, overlaid image of said endoscope body from the controller and project it onto the patient.

Optionally, the plurality of orientation markers comprise spheres placed on handle of the endoscope, each sphere having a diameter ranging from 0.5 to 2 cm.

Optionally, the plurality of orientation markers comprise pinpoint-sized laser beams.

Optionally, the plurality of orientation markers are made of a material that reflects or emits infra-red light.

Optionally, the plurality of sensors comprise one or more of accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometers and stripes that measure the bending and twisting of an insertion tube of the endoscope by one or more of electro-optic and mechanic methods.

Optionally, the plurality of sensors comprise one or more of inductive sensors, capacitive sensors, capacitive displacement sensors, photoelectric sensors, magnetic sensors, and infrared sensors placed along one of an elongated shaft and an insertion tube of the endoscope, wherein each of the sensors corresponds to a unique identifier, based on the location of the sensor along the insertion tube.

Optionally, the endoscope system further comprising a distance sensor adapted to detect distance markers positioned at different locations longitudinally along an external surface of the endoscope body and generate distance data, wherein the distance sensor comprises one or more of a depth sensor and a touch sensor for providing a distance the insertion tube has travelled inside the gastrointestinal tract of a patient.

Optionally, the endoscope system comprises two stereo-calibrated cameras adapted to generate second orientation data comprising 3D location of the fiducials in the cameras' own coordinate system by triangulation.

The present specification also discloses a method of tracking the position of an endoscope within a patient's organ during an endoscopic procedure, the method comprising: determining a position of the endoscope within the organ in the endoscope's coordinate system; capturing in an image a plurality of fiducial markers by an external optical tracker; transforming the captured fiducial markers from the endoscope's coordinate system to the optical tracker's coordinate system; detecting the captured fiducial markers on a model of the patient's organ; and projecting the image of the endoscope with the fiducial markers upon an image of the patient's organ with the fiducial markers.

Optionally, the external optical tracker is a camera placed above the endoscope performing the endoscopic procedure.

Optionally, the captured fiducial markers are detected on a model of the patient's organ by using an object detection algorithm. Still optionally, the captured fiducial markers are detected on a model of the patient's organ by using the Hough Transform. Optionally, the method further comprises casting the position of the endoscope directly on the patient's body by using a calibrated projector.

The present specification also discloses an endoscopy system for tracking the position of an endoscope within a patient's organ during an endoscopic procedure, the system comprising at least an endoscope coupled with a plurality of fiducial markers; an optical tracker placed external to the endoscope and a computing unit for at least processing the images captured by the optical tracker, the optical tracker capturing in an image the plurality of fiducial markers and the endoscope during the endoscopic procedure, the computing unit transforming the captured fiducial markers from the endoscope's coordinate system to the optical tracker's coordinate system and projecting the image of the endoscope with the fiducial markers upon an image of the patient's organ with the fiducial markers.

Optionally, the external optical tracker is a camera placed above the endoscope performing the endoscopic procedure.

Optionally, the captured fiducial markers are transformed from the endoscope's coordinate system to the optical tracker's coordinate system by using an object detection algorithm. Still optionally, the captured fiducial markers are transformed from the endoscope's coordinate system to the optical tracker's coordinate system by using the Hough Transform.

Optionally, the system further comprises a calibrated projector for casting the position of the endoscope directly on the patient's body.

The aforementioned and other embodiments of the present specification shall be described in greater depth in the drawings and detailed description provided below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other features and advantages of the present specification will be appreciated, as they become better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1A illustrates a multiple viewing elements endoscopy system in which the methods of the present specification may be implemented;

FIG. 1B is a schematic depiction of a layout of a multiple viewing elements endoscopy system and an associated interface unit deployed in an operating room in which the methods of the present specification may be implemented;

FIG. 1C is a schematic diagram of another layout of a multiple viewing elements endoscopy system and an associated interface unit deployed in an operating room in which the methods of the present specification may be implemented;

FIG. 1D is a schematic diagram of yet another layout of a multiple viewing elements endoscopy system and an associated interface unit deployed in an operating room in which the methods of the present specification may be implemented;

FIG. 2 illustrates a measurement of the depth, distance or location of an endoscopic tip using a multiple viewing elements endoscope whose elongated shaft has a plurality of sensors attached thereto, in accordance with an embodiment of the present specification;

FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating a method of tracking a position of an endoscope within a patient's internal organ during an endoscopic procedure, in accordance with an embodiment of the present specification;

FIG. 4A illustrates a three-dimensional (3D) model of an endoscope with fiducial markers, in accordance with an embodiment of the present specification;

FIG. 4B illustrates the 3D endoscope model shown in FIG. 4A projected onto a two-dimensional (2D) plane by an optical tracker/camera; and FIG. 4C illustrates the fiducial markers shown in FIG. 4A projected on top of an image of an endoscope captured by the same camera, in accordance with an embodiment of the present specification.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present specification provides a method for displaying the position of an endoscope within a patient's body. In an embodiment, an image of the endoscope, being used in an endoscopic procedure is projected directly over the patient's body allowing an operating physician to clearly ascertain the position of the endoscope within the body. In another embodiment, the endoscope's position within a patient's body is displayed as an image along with an image of the patient's internal organs on a monitor allowing the operator to maneuver the endoscope easily within the body.

In various embodiments, the method of the present specification allows an operating physician to accurately determine the position of an endoscope within a patient's body during an endoscopic procedure, thereby reducing endoscope navigation time significantly. The method also allows the operator to correctly ascertain the distance of the endoscopic tip from a patient's cecum during a GI procedure.

In an embodiment, the method of the present specification allows for a three-dimensional reconstruction of a patient's colon. The images captured during an endoscopic procedure may be displayed on top of the colon model enabling better maneuverability of the endoscope and an improved diagnosis of the colon.

It is noted that the term “endoscope” as mentioned herein may refer particularly to a colonoscope, according to some embodiments, but is not limited only to colonoscopes. The term “endoscope” may refer to any instrument used to examine the interior of a hollow organ or cavity of the body.

It should also be noted that a plurality of terms, as follows, appearing in this specification are used interchangeably to apply or refer to similar components and should in no way be construed as limiting:

-   -   “Utility tube/cable” may also be referred to as an “umbilical         tube/cable”.     -   A “main control unit” may also be referred to as a “controller         unit” or “main controller”.     -   A “viewing element” may also be referred to as an image         capturing device/component, viewing components, camera, TV         camera or video camera.     -   A “working channel” may also be referred to as a “service         channel”.     -   An “illuminator” may also be referred to as an “illumination         source”, and in some embodiments, an LED.     -   A “flexible shaft” may also be referred to as a bending section         or vertebra mechanism.     -   “Fiducial”, used herein and throughout, may be used to refer to         a standard or reference, for example, a fiducial marker.

As used in the specification, the term “optical assembly” is used to describe a set of components that allows the endoscopic device to capture light and transform that light into at least one image. In some embodiments, lenses/optical elements are employed to capture light and image capturing devices, such as sensors, are employed to transform that light into at least one image.

Image capturing devices may be Charged Coupled Devices (CCD's) or Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors, or other suitable devices having a light sensitive surface usable for capturing an image. In some embodiments, a sensor such as a Charge Coupled Device (CCD) or a Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor (for detecting the reflected light received by an optical element), is employed.

In some embodiments, an optical element comprises a plurality of optics such as lens assemblies, lenses and protective glass, and is configured to receive reflected light from target objects.

In accordance with an embodiment of the present specification, a tip cover may house the tip section of an endoscope. The tip section, with the tip cover, may be turned or maneuvered by way of a flexible shaft, which may also be referred to as a bending section, for example, a vertebra mechanism. Tip cover may be configured to fit over the inner parts of the tip section, including an electronic circuit board assembly and a fluid channeling component, and to provide protection to the internal components in the inner parts, such as a body cavity. The endoscope can then perform diagnostic or surgical procedures inside the body cavity. The tip section carries one or more viewing elements, such as cameras, to view areas inside body cavities that are the target of these procedures.

Tip cover may include panels having a transparent surface, window or opening for optical lens assemblies of viewing elements. The panels and viewing elements may be located at the front and sides of the tip section. Optical lens assemblies may include a plurality of lenses, static or movable, providing different fields of view.

An electronic circuit board assembly may be configured to carry the viewing elements, which may view through openings on the panels. Viewing elements may include an image sensor, such as but not limited to a Charge Coupled Device (CCD) or a Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor.

The electronic circuit board assembly may be configured to carry illuminators that are able to provide illumination through illuminator optical windows. The illuminators may be associated with viewing elements, and may be positioned to illuminate the viewing elements' fields of view.

The present specification provides a method of determining the position of an endoscope within a patient's body by determining the endoscope's coordinates within the body. In an embodiment, the present specification discloses the use of fiducial markers or points to track the position of an endoscope within a patient's body. In an embodiment, fiducial markers are distributed around the entirety of the endoscope's handle and in conjunction with a sensing system provide data describing how the handle has been turned or oriented in 3D space. In an embodiment, a camera system is used to capture the position of the fiducial markers and, using known algorithms, the orientation of the endoscope is translated relative to the camera system. In an embodiment, fixing the position of the patient and the camera system enables the camera system to scale and translate the orientation of the endoscope into an image which is projected onto the body of the patient.

In embodiments, the position of an endoscope within a patient's body is tracked by sensors that measure the bending, turning, or orientation of the endoscope body within the patient's body. In other embodiments, sensors are integrated along the endoscope's insertion tube to provide real-time information on the distance being travelled by the endoscope inside the patient's body. In an embodiment, the orientation of the endoscope obtained from the fiducial markers and the bending, turning, or orientation information obtained via the sensors together provides a precise orientation of the entire endoscope within the patient. In an embodiment, position of a first position of the endoscope is determined by using the fiducial markers and, the position of each point along the endoscope body is determined by using a turn or orientation change relative to the endoscope's handle and the distance that point has traveled in the patient's body.

The present specification is directed towards multiple embodiments. The following disclosure is provided in order to enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to practice the specification. Language used in this specification should not be interpreted as a general disavowal of any one specific embodiment or used to limit the claims beyond the meaning of the terms used therein. The general principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments and applications without departing from the spirit and scope of the specification. Also, the terminology and phraseology used is for the purpose of describing exemplary embodiments and should not be considered limiting. Thus, the present specification is to be accorded the widest scope encompassing numerous alternatives, modifications and equivalents consistent with the principles and features disclosed. For purpose of clarity, details relating to technical material that is known in the technical fields related to the specification have not been described in detail so as not to unnecessarily obscure the present specification.

It should be noted herein that any feature or component described in association with a specific embodiment may be used and implemented with any other embodiment unless clearly indicated otherwise.

Reference is now made to FIG. 1A, which shows a multi-viewing elements endoscopy system 100. System 100 may include a multi-viewing elements endoscope 102. Multi-viewing elements endoscope 102 may include a handle 104, from which an elongated shaft 106 emerges. Elongated shaft 106 terminates with a tip section 108 which is turnable by way of a bending section 110. Handle 104 may be used for maneuvering elongated shaft 106 within a body cavity. The handle may include one or more buttons and/or knobs and/or switches 105 which control bending section 110 as well as functions such as fluid injection and suction. Handle 104 may further include at least one, and in some embodiments, one or more working channel openings 112 through which surgical tools may be inserted as well as one and more side service channel openings.

A utility cable 114, also referred to as an umbilical tube, may connect between handle 104 and a Main Control Unit 199. Utility cable 114 may include therein one or more fluid channels and one or more electrical channels. The electrical channel(s) may include at least one data cable for receiving video signals from the front and side-pointing viewing elements, as well as at least one power cable for providing electrical power to the viewing elements and to the discrete illuminators.

The main control unit 199 contains the controls required for displaying the images of internal organs captured by the endoscope 102. The main control unit 199 may govern power transmission to the endoscope's 102 tip section 108, such as for the tip section's viewing elements and illuminators. The main control unit 199 may further control one or more fluid, liquid and/or suction pump(s) which supply corresponding functionalities to the endoscope 102. One or more input devices 118, such as a keyboard, a touch screen and the like may be connected to the main control unit 199 for the purpose of human interaction with the main control unit 199. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 , the main control unit 199 comprises a screen/display 120 for displaying operation information concerning an endoscopy procedure when the endoscope 102 is in use. The screen 120 may be configured to display images and/or video streams received from the viewing elements of the multi-viewing element endoscope 102. The screen 120 may further be operative to display a user interface for allowing a human operator to set various features of the endoscopy system.

In various embodiments, the position of an endoscope within a patient's body is calculated by determining the endoscope's coordinates within the body. Various methods may be used for determining the location and pose of the endoscope within the scope's coordinate system or relative to an exterior coordinate system.

In an embodiment, the present specification discloses the use of fiducial markers or points to track the position of an endoscope within a patient's lumen. As is commonly known in the art, a fiducial marker or fiducial point is an object placed in the field of view of an imaging system which appears in the image produced, for use as a point of reference or a measure. It may be either something placed into or on the imaging subject, or a mark or set of marks in the reticle of an optical instrument. The location of the fiducial markers is dependent upon the method used to compute the scope's pose within the patient's body.

In an embodiment, the fiducial markers or points are small spheres (balls) placed on an endoscope's handle that enable measurement of the endoscope's position relative to the endoscope's coordinates (internal coordinate system). These spheres are easily recognizable in an image. Other recognizable shapes, such as but not limited to crosses, for example, may also be used as fiducial markers. In an embodiment, the fiducial markers employed in the present specification are spheres having a diameter in the range of 0.5 to 2 cm. In another embodiment, pinpoint-sized laser beams may also be used as fiducial markers as they are capable of being uniquely detected by an optical tracker/camera, when in the field of view of the optical tracker/camera. Fiducial markers may be made of any material that enables easy detection by optical trackers. In an embodiment, the fiducial markers may be made of a material that reflects or emits any form of light, particularly infrared light. A plurality of optical trackers, such as cameras, may be employed for detecting fiducial points on the handle portion of the endoscope. The fiducial points appear in the image captured by the optical trackers serving as points of reference for co-relating the endoscope's coordinates with the coordinates of the optical tracker.

In embodiments, the optical tracker, which may be an external camera, is placed above a patient undergoing an endoscopic procedure, so that the camera captures both the endoscope and the patient's body in the same image. Fiducial markers are placed on at least a portion of the endoscope. Hence external camera produces an image that displays the fiducial markers on the (partially unseen) endoscope along with the patient's body.

In an embodiment of the present specification, electromagnetic tracking techniques are used to detect the position of an endoscope within a patient's body. As is known in the art, for electromagnetic tracking of an endoscope, a plurality of electromagnetic coils is wound around one or more portions of the endoscope. The coils emit an electromagnetic signal that can be detected by an electromagnetic tracking device placed external to the endoscope. In an embodiment, fiducial markers are attached to the electromagnetic tracking device which is used to measure the position of the endoscope with respect to the coordinates of the tracking device.

Sensing Systems:

In another embodiment of the present specification, the position of an endoscope within a patient's body is tracked by sensors that measure the orientation of the insertion tube of the endoscope at several positions. In various embodiments, sensors such as accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometers (i.e. electronic compasses) and stripes that measure the bending and twisting of the insertion tube by electro-optic/mechanic methods may be used. In accordance with another embodiment, the endoscope comprises sensors integrated along its insertion tube to provide real-time information on the distance being travelled by the endoscope inside the patient's lumen.

In one embodiment, a plurality of sensors are placed along the elongated shaft or insertion tube of the endoscope. Further, each sensor has a unique identifier, code, signature, or other identification according to its location (such as distance from the distal tip) along the insertion tube. In another embodiment, each identifier is not only unique to the sensor but also indicative of the particular position, or distance, occupied by the sensor. Several different types of sensors may be employed, including, but not limited to inductive sensors, capacitive sensors, capacitive displacement sensors, photoelectric sensors, magnetic sensors, and infrared sensors. In an embodiment, a depth sensor is placed at the entrance of the body where the endoscope is inserted and is in communication with the main control unit that is used with the endoscope. In some embodiments a matrix of sensors are employed, so that continuity in reading of distances is achieved. In some embodiments touch sensors may be used. Thus, for example, with touch sensors placed at regular intervals on the insertion tube, the number of touch sensors showing an output would indicate the depth the insertion tube has travelled inside the lumen of the body.

It is known in the art that the insertion tube has numbers or marks on it to indicate to the physician the distance of the insertion tube within patient body. Thus, in another embodiment, an imaging device, such as a CCD, a CMOS and the like, is placed outside the patient's body, close to the entrance point of the insertion tube of the endoscope to capture images of the mark of the insertion tube visible outside the body, thereby providing the distance of the insertion tube within patient body.

In a yet another embodiment, depth is measured by using sensors that respond to the physician's grip on the tube. Sensors are placed over substantially the entire length of the insertion tube, and each sensor has a unique identifier, code, signature, or other identification per its location along elongated axes of the insertion tube. Methods and systems of determining the location or distance of an endoscopic tip within a patient's body are described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/505,387, entitled “Endoscope with Integrated Sensors” and filed on Oct. 2, 2014, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Hence, as described above various methods may be used for determining the location and pose of the endoscope within the scope's coordinate system.

Orientation Determination:

The 3D coordinates of the endoscope can be reconstructed from its computed orientations by integration by means of a bending matrix. A bending matrix provides a measurement of the extent of bending of an endoscope. The 3D coordinates of the endoscope can be reconstructed from the bending information provided by the bending matrix. In an embodiment, fiducial markers with known coordinates in both the endoscope's and the optical tracker's coordinate systems are used to obtain a match between the two coordinate systems.

In an embodiment, a 3D scope model is projected onto a two-dimensional (2D) plane by an optical tracker/camera. The optical tracker captures fiducial markers with respect to the camera's coordinates and matches the fiducial markers up to a model of a human organ being endoscopically scanned, such as a colon, in accordance with an embodiment of the present specification. An object detection algorithm is used to detect the captured fiducial markers within the frame/model of the patient's organ. In an embodiment, detected fiducial markers are represented with a circle or demarcations (in this case, orange) around the fiducial markers.

The transformation method for transforming the fiducial markers from the endoscope's coordinates to the optical tracker's coordinates is dependent on the optical tracker's characteristics. If the optical tracker is composed of two stereo-calibrated cameras, then these cameras compute the 3D location of the fiducials in their own coordinate system by triangulation. The transformation of these 3D points with the known 3D structure of the fiducial markers can be computed by any point-cloud registration algorithm such as Horn's algorithm which computes a transformation that minimizes the average distance between points. However, if the optical tracker is composed of a single camera, then the transformation can be computed by any algorithm that solves the PnP problem, such as EPnP, DLT, and POSSIT. As is known in the art, the PnP problem aims to determine the location of a camera based on comparison between a set of 3D points with known location in some arbitrary coordinate system, and their 2D projection by the camera.

In an embodiment, an object detection algorithm such as ‘Hough Transform’ is used to detect the captured fiducial markers within a frame/model of the patient's internal organ(s). In some embodiments, various other object detection algorithms may also be used. Hough transform is an algorithm that is commonly used to detect parametric shapes in images. For example it can be used to detect spheres. The algorithm first computes the number of pixels that are consistent with any parametric combination of a shape and second, determines a threshold value for the computed matrix.

In other embodiments data obtained from sensors such as accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometers (i.e. electronic compasses) and stripes placed along the insertion tube of the endoscope for measuring the bending and twisting of the insertion tube by electro-optic/mechanic methods may be used to obtain distance being travelled by the endoscope inside the patient's lumen. In an embodiment, distance being travelled by the endoscope inside the patient's lumen is obtained by using data obtained from sensors such as inductive sensors, capacitive sensors, capacitive displacement sensors, photoelectric sensors, magnetic sensors, depth sensors, infrared sensors and touch sensors placed along the elongated shaft or insertion tube of the endoscope. A unique identifier of each of these sensors provides information about the particular position (location with respect to a distal tip of the insertion tube), or distance, occupied by the sensor, thereby providing an orientation of the scope within the patient's organ.

Image Projection

In embodiments, the orientation of the endoscope determined by using the fiducial markers and the sensors is translated to the camera's coordinate system, scaled based on the patient position and size and the relative camera position, and projected onto the patient.

In an embodiment, the captured fiducial markers are projected on an image of the patient's internal organ. A 3D image of the internal organ displaying the captured fiducial markers is obtained by using computer software. In another embodiment, the captured fiducial markers corresponding to the endoscope are projected on an image of the endoscope. A 3D image of the endoscope displaying the captured fiducial markers is obtained by using computer software. In yet another embodiment, the image of the internal organ along with the fiducial markers and the image of the endoscope with the fiducial markers are displayed together to enable an operating physician to clearly determine the position of the endoscope within the organ.

In an embodiment, a projector connected to the control unit of the endoscope is used to project a virtual model of the patient's organ being scanned, showing a position of the endoscope therein, directly on the patient's body. In an embodiment, the projector is calibrated to convey its position in relation to the positions of the endoscope and the patient in the coordinate system of the endoscope and the patient. Calibration also provides the internal parameters of the projector, such as the direction of rays originating from the projector and the patient. By using the internal parameters, the exact illumination pattern of the projector may be computed, which in turn enables real time projection of a virtual model (holographic) of the endoscope's location within the patient's body on top of the patient.

FIG. 1B schematically depicts a layout of an endoscope system 130 and an associated interface unit 132 deployed in an operating room, in which the optical trackers and fiducial markers as described above, may be employed. A patient 134 is supported on a bed 136 while a physician 138 is using an endoscope portion 140 of endoscope system 130 in an endoscopic procedure. Endoscope 140 is connected to a main controller 142 by a utility cable 144. A plurality of fiducial markers 146 are provided on the endoscope 140. Optical tracker, or external camera 148, is placed above the patient 134 so that the camera 148 captures the endoscope 140, fiducial markers 146 and the patient's body 134 in the same image 150 displayed on an external display unit 152. In another embodiment more than one optical tracker, or external camera 148, may be positioned above patient 134.

Thus, the optical tracker, or in this case external camera, is placed above a patient undergoing an endoscopic procedure, so that the camera captures both the endoscope and the patient's body in the same image. Fiducial markers are placed on at least a portion of the endoscope. Hence external camera produces an image that displays the fiducial markers on the (partially unseen) endoscope along with the patient's body. Next, an object detection algorithm such as ‘Hough Transform’ is used to detect the captured fiducial markers (described in detail with respect to FIG. 3 ) within a frame/model of the patient's internal organ. In various embodiments, after determining the external camera's parameters (by calibration) a virtual model of the patient's organ (e.g. colon) is rendered on top of the patient image taken by the external camera. In an embodiment, the virtual model of the patient's organ showing the position of the endoscope is cast directly on the patient's body by using a calibrated projector.

Endoscope 140 provides one or more endoscopic views (which may be simultaneous) using one, two, three or more cameras housed in the tip of endoscope 140. Main controller 142 is connected to at least one display screen 154 (not shown) or a plurality of display screens, for example three display screens 154 a, 154 b, and 154 c, respectively, wherein each display screen is configured to display a corresponding view of the three endoscopic views provided by endoscope system 130. Display screen/s 154 is positioned facing physician 138 and possibly elevated so that physician 138 may conduct the endoscopic procedure by looking at the screen displays and having an undisturbed line of sight thereto. In an embodiment, the scope location and pose is determined relative to an exterior coordinate system. In this embodiment, the fiducial markers are attached to the exterior coordinate tracking system.

FIG. 1C illustrates an electromagnetic field generator with fiducial markers placed in proximity to the patient undergoing an endoscopy procedure as shown in FIG. 1B. An electromagnetic field generator with fiducial markers 156 is placed in close proximity to the patient 134, for example on/under patient bed 136 or on a stand (not shown) placed in proximity to patient 134.

FIG. 1D illustrates the position of the endoscope within the body of the patient undergoing an endoscopic procedure as shown in FIG. 1B being cast directly on the patient's body by using a projector, in accordance with an embodiment of the present specification. As shown a projector 158 connected to the controller 142 is used to project a virtual model 160 of the patient's colon showing a position of the endoscope therein, directly on the patient's body 134. In an embodiment, the projector 158 is calibrated, whereby calibrating the projector 158 conveys its position in relation to the positions of the endoscope 140 and the patient 134 in the coordinate system of the endoscope and the patient. Calibration also provides the internal parameters of the projector 158, such as the direction of rays originating from the projector and the patient 134. By using the internal parameters, the exact illumination pattern of the projector 158 may be computed, which in turn enables real time projection of a virtual model 160 (holographic) of the endoscope's 140 location within the patient's body on top of the patient 134.

In accordance with another embodiment, the endoscope comprises sensors integrated along its insertion tube to provide real-time information on the distance being travelled by the endoscope inside the patient's lumen. In one embodiment, as shown in FIG. 2 , a plurality of sensors 2015 are placed along the elongated shaft or insertion tube 2306 of the endoscope. Further, each sensor has a unique identifier, code, signature, or other identification according to its location (such as distance from the distal tip) along the insertion tube 2306. Thus for example, and not limited to such example, a sensor would be placed at a distance of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 centimeters, or any increment therein, from the distal end of the tube 2306. The next sensor may be placed at a similar, or different, distance and would have an identifier that is different than the identifier programmed into the first sensor. In another embodiment, each identifier is not only unique to the sensor but also indicative of the particular position, or distance, occupied by the sensor. Thus, in one embodiment, a plurality of sensors are placed at 10 centimeter increments along the length of the insertion tube 2306 where each sensor 2015 has a different identifier and where each identifier is indicative of the distance increment occupied by the sensor.

Additionally, a depth sensor is placed at the entrance of the body where the endoscope is inserted and is in communication with the main control unit that is used with the endoscope. As a non-limiting example we consider an endoscopic procedure being performed for a patient's colon 2022. The depth sensor 2020 is placed outside the body 2024, close to the rectum 2026, which is the entry point for an endoscope into the colon 2022. In operation, the depth sensor 2020 detects alignment to sensor 2016 closest to the entrance site, outside the body. In one embodiment, each sensor 2015, 2016 is pre-programmed to be read according to its location, such that the 10 cm sensor would transmit a different output than the 20 cm sensor. In one embodiment, the output of the depth sensor 2020 is conveyed to the controller or main control unit, which records and provides a display of the distance travelled by the distal end of the scope.

FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating a first method of tracking the position of an endoscope within a patient's internal organ during an endoscopic procedure, in accordance with an embodiment of the present specification. At step 302, a reference position of the endoscope within a patient's body is determined either in the scope's coordinate system (internal) or an external coordinate system.

In an embodiment, to determine a position of the scope within a patient's body using the scope's coordinate system, fiducial markers are placed on the handle of the endoscope.

In another embodiment, the scope's position within a patient's body may be determined by an external coordinate system, such as by using a bending matrix, electromagnetic tracking, or by using one or more sensors as described above. In such an embodiment, fiducial markers are placed on the external reference coordinate tracking system.

At step 304, fiducial markers, either located on the scope's handle or the external coordinate tracking system, are captured by an optical tracker. In an embodiment, the optical tracker is a camera that captures fiducial markers with respect to the camera's coordinates. In the case where the fiducial markers are rigidly attached to the endoscope, the markers can also be described with respect to the endoscope's coordinates.

FIG. 4A illustrates a three-dimensional (3D) model of a scope with fiducial markers, in accordance with an embodiment of the present specification. FIG. 4B illustrates the 3D scope model shown in FIG. 4A projected onto a two-dimensional (2D) plane by an optical tracker/camera. As shown, fiducial markers 402 are captured in an image by an optical tracker (not shown in the figure) with respect to an endoscope 404. In an embodiment, the optical tracker is a camera that captures fiducial markers 402 with respect to the camera's coordinates. Hence, FIG. 4B illustrates the fiducial markers shown in FIG. 4A matching up to a model of a human colon, in accordance with an embodiment of the present specification. An object detection algorithm is used to detect the captured fiducial markers 402 within the frame/model 406 of the patient's colon. The circles or demarcations (in this case, orange) around the fiducial markers 402 are indications that the fiducial markers 402 are detected (and marked) by a fiducial detection algorithm as explained in step 306 of FIG. 3 below.

At step 306, a transformation of the fiducial markers from the endoscope's coordinates to the optical tracker's coordinates is obtained. The transformation method is dependent on the optical tracker's characteristics. If the optical tracker is composed of two stereo-calibrated cameras, then these cameras compute the 3D location of the fiducials in their own coordinate system by triangulation. However, if the optical tracker is composed of a single camera, then the transformation can be computed by any algorithm that solves the PnP problem, such as EPnP, DLT, and POSSIT.

At step 308, the captured fiducial markers are projected on an image of the patient's internal organ. A 3D image of the internal organ displaying the captured fiducial markers may be obtained by using computer software. At step 310, the captured fiducial markers corresponding to the endoscope are projected on an image of the endoscope. A 3D image of the endoscope displaying the captured fiducial markers may be obtained by using computer software as illustrated in FIG. 4C. FIG. 4C illustrates the fiducial markers shown in FIG. 4A projected on top of the image captured by the same optical tracker/camera, in accordance with an embodiment of the present specification. The fiducial markers 402 shown in FIG. 4A are projected on an image of the endoscope 404, as illustrated. In an embodiment, the accuracy of the position of the camera (not shown in the figure) may be estimated by computation of the camera's re-projection error.

At step 312, the image of the internal organ along with the fiducial markers and the image of the endoscope with the fiducial markers are displayed together to enable an operating physician to clearly determine the position of the endoscope within the organ. In an embodiment, after determining the external camera's parameters (by calibration) a virtual model of the patient's colon showing the position of the endoscope is augmented to the patient image taken by the external camera.

In various embodiments, the patient image may be augmented with the virtual model of the patient's colon showing the position of the endoscope by using a computer monitor display. In other embodiments, display methods such as a see-through glass may be used. In another embodiment, the augmented image may also be displayed on a viewer's retina.

The above examples are merely illustrative of the many applications of the system of present specification. Although only a few embodiments of the present specification have been described herein, it should be understood that the present specification might be embodied in many other specific forms without departing from the spirit or scope of the specification. Therefore, the present examples and embodiments are to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive, and the specification may be modified within the scope of the appended claims. 

1-26. (canceled)
 27. A method of tracking a position of an endoscope, wherein the endoscope includes an endoscope handle and an endoscope body adapted to be inserted into a patient, the method comprising: receiving first orientation data from a plurality of first sensors positioned at different locations longitudinally along the endoscope body; receiving second orientation data from one or more cameras positioned external to the patient, wherein the one or more cameras are adapted to (i) detect one or more of a plurality of orientation markers positioned on the endoscope handle and (ii) generate the second orientation data using data associated with the detected one or more of the plurality of orientation markers; generating, using the first orientation data and the second orientation data, a virtual model of the endoscope body in a coordinate system of the endoscope and the patient showing a position of the endoscope within the patient; and sending data indicative of the virtual model to a projector, wherein the projector is configured to project the virtual model in a coordinate system of the endoscope body and the patient showing a position of the endoscope body within the patient.
 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the first sensors are pressure sensors.
 29. The method of claim 27, wherein at least one electromagnetic coil is wound around one or more portions of the endoscope body, wherein the electromagnetic coil is configured to emit an electromagnetic signal.
 30. The method of claim 27, wherein the one or more cameras include two stereo-calibrated cameras adapted to generate, by triangulation, at least a portion of the second orientation data comprising three-dimensional locations of fiducials in a coordinate system of the camera.
 31. The method of claim 27, wherein the virtual model is a holographic virtual model.
 32. The method of claim 27, further comprising receiving a measurement of bending or twisting of the endoscope body via one or more of an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a magnetometer, and a stripe.
 33. The method of claim 27, wherein the plurality of orientation markers comprise spheres placed on the endoscope handle, each sphere having a diameter ranging from 0.5 to 2 cm.
 34. The method of claim 27, wherein the virtual model includes a portion of the patient's colon.
 35. The method of claim 27, wherein the projector is configured to project the virtual model onto the patient to show the position of the endoscope body relative to the patient.
 36. A method of tracking a position of medical device, wherein the medical device includes a handle and a tubular body adapted to be inserted into a patient, the method comprising: receiving first orientation data from a plurality of first sensors positioned at different locations longitudinally along the tubular body; receiving second orientation data from one or more cameras positioned external to the patient, wherein the one or more cameras are adapted to (i) detect one or more of a plurality of orientation markers positioned on the handle and (ii) generate the second orientation data using data associated with the detected one or more of the plurality of orientation markers; generating, using the first orientation data and the second orientation data, a virtual model of the tubular body in a coordinate system of the medical device and the patient showing a position of the tubular body within the patient; and sending data indicative of the virtual model to a display, wherein the display is configured to project the virtual model in a coordinate system of the tubular body and the patient showing a position of the tubular body within the patient.
 37. The method of claim 36, wherein the first sensors are pressure sensors.
 38. The method of claim 36, wherein at least one electromagnetic coil is wound around one or more portions of the tubular body, wherein the electromagnetic coil is configured to emit an electromagnetic signal.
 39. The method of claim 36, wherein the one or more cameras include two stereo-calibrated cameras adapted to generate, by triangulation, at least a portion of the second orientation data comprising three-dimensional locations of fiducials in a coordinate system of the camera.
 40. The method of claim 36, wherein the virtual model is a holographic virtual model.
 41. The method of claim 37, further comprising receiving a measurement of bending or twisting of the tubular body via one or more of an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a magnetometer, and a stripe.
 42. The method of claim 37, wherein the plurality of orientation markers comprise spheres placed on the handle, each sphere having a diameter ranging from 0.5 to 2 cm.
 43. The method of claim 37, wherein the virtual model includes a portion of the patient's colon.
 44. The method of claim 37, wherein the projector is configured to project the virtual model onto the patient to show the position of the tubular body relative to the patient.
 45. A method of tracking a position of an endoscope, wherein the endoscope includes an endoscope handle and an endoscope body adapted to be inserted into a patient, the method comprising: determining a reference position of the endoscope body within the patient; capturing at least one of a plurality of fiducial markers via an optical tracker; transforming data from the captured fiducial markers from the endoscope's co-ordinates of the endoscope to co-ordinates of a camera; projecting the captured fiducial markers on an image of the endoscope; and displaying an image of an internal organ with the fiducial markers together with an image of the endoscope with the fiducial markers.
 46. The method of claim 45, wherein displaying an image of an internal organ with the fiducial markers together with an image of the endoscope with the fiducial markers includes displaying a determined position of the endoscope within the internal organ. 